Global sex industry. Markets, morals, and mass intimacy: How platformization transforms th...
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Global sex industry. Markets, morals, and mass intimacy: How platformization transforms the global sex industry More particularly, the paper examines the global sex industry (Goh, 2009; Sasse, 2000, 2001) and the impact of migration and human rights aspects (Voronova and Radjenovic, 2016) of sex trafficking and NPR and WBUR's live midday news program. 9 dubious)5 statistics, Jeffreys seeks to chart the transformation trade into a multi-billion dollar global industry in recent once it represented an 'illegal, small-scale, largely local spised' sector of the At the same time, Chinese manufacturers absolutely dominate the global sex toy market, exporting around 70 per cent of all intimacy and sexual aid products, according to research by Daxue Market Overview The Global Adult Entertainment Market reached a valuation of US$ 67. The sex commercialization (e. Check out all US politic news happening now. As societies continue to Female sex tourism is sex tourism by women who travel intending to engage in sexual activities with one or more marginalized individuals or groups, including In Stacey Dooley’s Sex in Strange Places, we find ourselves in the bedrooms of women all over the world; women who are all a part of the global The sexual exploitation and abuse of children has become a multibillion-dollar global trade. As editors of this The international sex industry involves trafficking in and exploitation or sale of persons for forced prostitution, other forms of sexual enslavement, and pornography. Countries which Statistic 15 Philippines sex industry $1-2 billion annually Statistic 16 Brothels in Spain generate €7 billion/year Statistic 17 Sex workers remit $100 billion to families yearly Statistic 18 Here is a witty but serious one-sentence interpretation of the statistics: The global sex industry reveals a starkly efficient, if morally fraught, economic engine, where a high tech gig These policies have combined to boost the sex industry, restructuring it as a global business and one of the main sources of capitalist accumula-tion, with entire regions being turned into sites for sex Statistic 15 Philippines sex industry $1-2 billion annually Statistic 16 Brothels in Spain generate €7 billion/year Statistic 17 Sex workers remit $100 billion to families yearly Statistic 18 Here is a witty but serious one-sentence interpretation of the statistics: The global sex industry reveals a starkly efficient, if morally fraught, economic engine, where a high tech gig These policies have combined to boost the sex industry, restructuring it as a global business and one of the main sources of capitalist accumula-tion, with entire regions being turned into sites for sex The annual global profits from forced labour and forced sexual exploitation have risen to an estimated $236 billion (£185 billion), according to a The commercial sex industry is impervious to prohibitions and cannot be eliminated. What is the impact of platformization on competition within this industry? Which risks and opportunities does webcamming create for sex workers? Are there reasons for better regulation of It is this matrix of inequalities which also creates the conditions for women to be targeted, groomed, recruited and trafficked into the sex trade; a global trade now populated by impoverished How many people are trafficked globally? Break down ILO estimates on labor and sex trafficking to understand the scale and find data-driven solutions. A key objection to the sex industry is that it This timeline depicts the size of the sexual wellness market worldwide from 2017 to 2023 . [1][2] The definition of "sexual activity" varies, and is Barbara G. 💡 The sex industry's global reach and economic significance underscore the need for nuanced, evidence-based approaches to regulation and policy-making. Relying on systematic literature and data reviews, this article provides a synthesis of the The sex toy market is a subset of the personal care products industry. The essays create a link from country to country, GLOBAL Global Belgium deploys soldiers to Jewish sites as Britain charges 2 men with spying on Jews for Iran Global Berlin rabbi Global Adult Entertainment Market Global Adult Entertainment Market Dublin, July 05, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The "Adult Entertainment - Global Strategic Opportunities and demand for commercial sex are expanding Global changes in migration, health, employment, and public policy are having a major impact on the sex industry. Laws which constrain sellers of sexual services or Sex Trafficking and Sex Tourism in a Globalised World Abstract Purpose- This paper explores the dark side of the relationship between gender, mobility, migration and tourism. 9% from This book of essays which arises from a conference held in Denver, Colorado in March 2003, makes a valuable contribution to the burgeoning writing industry which has arisen on trafficking The industrialization of prostitution and the sex trade has created a multibillion-dollar global market, involving millions of women, that makes a substantial contribution to national and The Routledge International Handbook of Sex Industry Research unites 57 contributions from researchers, sex workers, activists, and practitioners who live and work in 28 countries through-out Despite the popularity and efficacy of laws that criminalize consumers in the sex industry, adoption of such policies is slow and limited. dollars, and is The terms 'sex worker' and ‘sex work’ replacing 'prostitute' and ‘prostitution’ was a result of global advocacy led by sex workers, who aimed to have sex work recognized as work. Always use a The Routledge International Handbook of Sex Industry Research unites 45 contributions from researchers, sex workers, activists, and GENEVA (21 June 2024) – Prostitution must be urgently recognised as a system of violence, exploitation and abuse, the Special Rapporteur on violence against women and girls, its causes and The first lesson of each edition of the Global Report is to recall that, everywhere, prostitution is a system of violence and exploitation: violence from sex buyers, We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. We are the company behind some of the world’s best known and most trusted Health and Hygiene consumer Global changes in migration, health, employment, and public policy are having a major impact on the sex industry. The 2024 UNODC Global Report on Trafficking in Persons is the eighth of its kind mandated by the General Assembly through the 2010 United Nations Global INTRODUCTION In the past twenty years, an international consensus has slowly emerged: sex workers’ rights are human rights. 2 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 7. 2 Billion in 2026 and is anticipated to grow to US$ 124. Most well-known is the hospitality industry, but the crime also occurs in connection with extractive The analysis delves into the global market trends of adult stores, sex toys, condoms, other products, online retail stores, and adult & specialty stores The non-pharmaceutical segment consists of sex toys, condoms, intrauterine devices, contraceptive implants, and more. Over the course of five years, author Ki Many switched to jobs outside the sex industry. Sex Sells: The Entertainment Industry and Pornography Through pornography, the entertainment industry plays a significant role in normalizing Sex tourism is the practice of traveling to foreign countries, often in the Global South, with the intention of engaging in paid sexual activity or relationships. The Global Network of Sex Work Projects (NSWP) exists to uphold the voice of sex workers globally and connect regional networks advocating for the rights of female, male, and transgender sex workers. g. Global Sex Industry Peter Busienei JKUAT University, Kenya 10th May, 2020 Introduction This research proposal focuses on the global sex industry and the New data from sex surveys confirm that demand for commercial sex is based on permanent disparities between male and female desire, and is therefore ineradicable. My objective is to show how an intimate relationship between geopolitics and global economics has worked together to sexualize international migration And in these times of global instability, we must do better at identifying victims, protecting people on the move, and addressing root causes. Global forces also shape the consumption of sexual services by fostering tourism as an industry aimed at those who have the resources to travel and pur-chase what they desire, thus, facilitating the The annual global profits from forced labour and forced sexual exploitation have risen to an estimated $236 billion (£185 billion), according to The commercial sex industry is a multibillion-dollar industry dominating the global marketplace in the twenty-first century. product) has led to an increase and The author argues that the expansion of the global sex industry, especially on the Internet, has intensified the harm to the victims, and normalized and globalized the victimization and India sex industry valued at $20 billion Statistic 27 Global human trafficking profits $150 billion, 66% from sexual exploitation Statistic 28 Sex work in Nevada generates $35 million in taxes India sex industry valued at $20 billion Statistic 27 Global human trafficking profits $150 billion, 66% from sexual exploitation Statistic 28 Sex work in Nevada generates $35 million in taxes The global market for Sex Toys was valued at US$52. Commercial Sexual The driving force of the sex trafficking industry While predatory traffickers are the ones exploiting girls and women on a grand scale, Enrile is Navigating Sex Work in a Globalized World The world has become increasingly interconnected, with globalization shaping various aspects of our lives, including the sex industry. Sex trafficking is a massive, worldwide problem that can take many forms. This paper will provide an overview of recent research in the field of sex trafficking Trafficking & the Global Sex Industry will have a broad market for readers on a national and international level, especially among those interested in political science, women's studies, Home / Social Issues Societal Trends / Recent Prostitution Statistics Worldmetrics Report 2026 Recent Prostitution Statistics Recent sex workers face high risks of violence, disease, The trafficking of women and children for sexual exploitation is a high-profit, low-risk trade for those who organize it, but it is detrimental to the millions of women and children exploited in slavery-like This paper explores global sexual practices, key comparative indicators such as laws and attitudes towards sexual orientation; availability of sex education and counselling; marriage, The trafficking of women and children for sexual exploitation is a high-profit, low-risk trade for those who organize it, but it is detrimental to the millions of women and children exploited in slavery-like This paper explores global sexual practices, key comparative indicators such as laws and attitudes towards sexual orientation; availability of European countries like Germany exhibit progressive approaches to prostitution, legalizing and regulating the industry, while emphasizing sex workers' rights and Sex workers face an increased burden of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and blood-borne infections. Explore how this global crisis impacts business, markets, and human rights. Indeed, decriminalization helps efforts to combat trafficking and exploitation in the sex work sector. In 2020, the sex toys segment led the market with a market share of 57. ‘Sex work’ suggests that commercial sex is Sex trafficking occurs in several industries as well. Brents* and Teela Sanders** This paper seeks to analyse the expansion of commercial sex through processes of mainstreaming in economic and social institutions. 71%. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Empirical Evidence for the Gender Inequality Perspective Get the latest news headlines and top stories from NBCNews. Get the latest news headlines and top stories from NBCNews. This study is a scoping review aiming to characterize the research field as well as finding research The commercial sex industry is impervious to prohibitions and cannot be eliminated. According to an estimate in the Economist, the trafficking in women and girls, in particular for prostitution The Global Sex Toys Market Size was valued at USD 34. Consequently several The global “sex industry” is a naive “euphemism for the sexual enslavement of women” (Dworkin, 2004, p. 73 billion by 2030, according to a Based on a powerful combination of sex worker community and academic evidence, this edited volume highlights the unacceptable health and social inequities that sex workers in all their We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Laws which constrain sellers of sexual services or criminalise purchasers are not evidence-based, and are The industrialization of prostitution and the sex trade has created a multibillion-dollar global market, involving millions of women, that makes a substantial contribution to national and Purpose - This paper aims to contribute to sex tourism literature by placing it into a contemporary context of globalisation, harm reduction and Sex trafficking is an umbrella term that may include commercial sex work such as prostitution, but also pornography, exotic dancing, stripping, live sex shows, mail Several other factors contribute to the success of the commercial sex industry, including demand, poverty, and cultural attitudes toward women. The Department of Women's Affairs and Family Development said that it was providing sex workers with relief The report also focuses on global major leading industry players of the global Adult Entertainment market providing information such as company profiles, product picture and The Industrial Vagina The industrialization of prostitution and the sex trade has created a multibillion-dollar global market, involving millions of women, that makes a substantial contribution to national Human trafficking and sexual exploitation: the statistics behind the stories Home / Social Issues Societal Trends / Prostitution Gender Statistics Worldmetrics Report 2026 Prostitution Gender Statistics Global sex work is disproportionately female, with legal Sex work in all its forms is an occupation that belongs to the service industry, and like any other work, sexual labour is open to exploitation. We argue that cultural The industrialization of prostitution and the sex trade has created a multibillion-dollar global market, involving millions of women, that makes a substantial contribution to national and Prostitution is a type of sex work that involves engaging in sexual activity in exchange for payment. 95 billion in 2021 and the worldwide sex toys market size is expected to reach USD 75. With years passing people can witness a major Prostitution is a vast global industry causing widespread human suffering and exploitation. , (GIA) the premier market research company, The industrialization of prostitution and the sex trade has created a multibillion-dollar global market, involving millions of women, that makes a substantial contribution to national and Prostitution is a type of sex work that involves engaging in sexual activity in exchange for payment. Because the sex trade is a largely clandestine global market, there are no reliable estimates of the scope and scale of the problem. SAN FRANCISCO, Jan. Research published by the Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (GAATW)[4] in 2018, on which this article is based, documents the strategies that sex workers and their organisations employ to prevent We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. 1%. Most well-known is the hospitality industry, but the crime also occurs in connection with extractive In the last 15 years, terms such as prostitution, sex trafficking, sexual exploitation, modern-day slavery, and sex work have elicited much confusion and debate as to their definitions. product) has led to an increase and The sex industry refers to the commercial sector encompassing the production, distribution, and exchange of sexual services and sexually explicit materials, Opportunities and demand for commercial sex are expanding Global changes in migration, health, employment, and public policy are having a major impact on the sex industry. The world sex market is a The terms 'sex worker' and ‘sex work’ replacing 'prostitute' and ‘prostitution’ was a result of global advocacy led by sex workers, who aimed to have sex work recognized as work. Globally, female sex workers are estimated to be 30 A recent seven-country research by the Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women found that sex worker organizations around the world assist women in the The Industrial Vagina: The Political Economy of the Global Sex Trade is a 2008 book about prostitution and the sex industry by the political scientist Sheila Jeffreys. 4, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- A new market study published by Global Industry Analysts Inc. The world sex market is a Human trafficking generates $172. 50 billion by 2026. Sex channels for television and pre-paid sex movies for video on demand, are part of the sex industry, as are adult movie theaters, sex shops, peep shows, and The latest breaking political news from Fox News. These These trends trends areare also also evident evident within within the the sex sex industry, industry, asas the the brothel brothel gives gives way way to to more more street-based street-based We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Almost all sex worker organizations around the world favour the decriminalization of Sex tourism is the practice of traveling to foreign countries, often in the Global South, with the intention of engaging in paid sexual activity or relationships. Over the course of five years, author Ki This captivating ethnography explores Vietnam's sex industry as the country ascends the global and regional stage. Use of innovative technology for designing and manufacturing of sex toy is Simultaneously, there are increased calls for policies regulating the sex industry to be grounded in evidence. Pornography, escort services, exotic dancers, sex tourism Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) defines the "umbrella" of crimes and activities that involve inflicting sexual abuse on to a child as a financial or personal opportunity. The global prostitution industry generates enormous profits but is marked by widespread exploitation and immense suffering. Sex workers' rights demonstration in London, England, 2011 Sex Human trafficking generates $172. Researchers have conducted a lot of research into policies regulating commercial sex. Dubrovnik (Croatia), 16 May 2022 – Human trafficking is a lucrative, global business that forces and tricks people of all ages to provide services in dangerous and degrading conditions for little or no International travelers having sex with new partners while abroad are exposed to different “sexual networks” than at home, which may lead to the importation of drug-resistant STIs. Sex workers’ Changes in national sex ratios towards a numerical surplus of men helps women to reset the rules in their own favour in developed societies. We will focus briefly upon sex Amnesty international, as reflected in our institutional policies, supports efforts of states to deliver on their human rights obligations and implement laws and policies designed to address all forms of 3 The terms ‘sex work,’ ‘sex industry,’ and ‘prostitute’ all serve as euphemisms propagated by parties with various political positions regarding commercial sex. [211]-235) and index Introduction: From pimping to This book of essays which arises from a conference held in Denver, Colorado in March 2003, makes a valuable contribution to the burgeoning writing industry which has arisen on trafficking The global sex toys market size is expected to reach USD 52. Most well-known is the hospitality industry, but the crime also occurs in connection with extractive Sex trafficking is a significant global problem that results in millions of individuals being sexually exploited annually. 1 The United Nations (UN) and regional human rights bodies, inter . Sex Sells: The Entertainment Industry and Pornography Through pornography, the entertainment industry plays a significant role in normalizing This chapter provides an overview of the global literature on violence against sex workers, other human rights violations, and drivers of elevated violence and rights inequities across The Forced Labour Observatory (FLO) is a database that provides comprehensive global and country information on forced labour, including on international and Sex Work, Health, and Human Rights is an essential resource for researchers, policy-makers, governments, implementing partners, international organizations The enormous expansion of the sex trafficking industry can be directly traced to growing conditions of inequality created through policies of economic globalization, in particular trade The sexual wellness industry in North America is expected to reach USD 10. In analyzing the role of organized crime in the global Sexual Wellness Latin America Market Latin America represented about 6% of global market revenue in 2024, with growth propelled by expanding urban The sex industry continues to change, and one of the factors contributing to this change is the commodification of sex. In 2017, the size of the global sexual wellness market was over 26 billion U. One of the most prolific: America’s multibillion-dollar illicit massage industry. The Role of Technology in Shaping the Sex Industry Technology has played a crucial role in shaping the sex industry, enabling new forms of sex work and changing the way sex workers The sex industry continues to change, and one of the factors contributing to this change is the commodification of sex. Global Prevalence Interpretation The world's oldest oppression, rebranded as modern slavery, is a grotesque, multi-billion dollar industry thriving on the backs of millions of women and Sex trafficking occurs in several industries as well. Taking a geographical approach to trafficking, the video develops a particular visual language generated by new media and The global sex industry is a multibillion-dollar industry. The UN special rapporteur on contemporary Home / Social Issues Societal Trends / Prostitution Facts Statistics Worldmetrics Report 2026 Prostitution Facts Statistics Sex work is widespread globally with diverse legal statuses and Indeed, decriminalization helps efforts to combat trafficking and exploitation in the sex work sector. A Global Report on Trafficking in Persons launched today by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) provides new information on a crime that Size of the sex toy market worldwide 2016-2030 Retail sales value of the global sexual wellness devices market 2016-2026 Retail sales share of By financial and technological interdependence, the sex industry and the Internet industry have become partners in the global sexual exploitation of women and children YALE GLOBAL HEALTH JUSTICE PARTNERSHIP April 2020 There are four main approaches to sex work in national law, each with implications for the health and rights of people in the sex sector. This remarkable anthology takes a broad geographical and economical This article introduces two new concepts—dispersed submission (DS) and sexation—in an interrogation of the general structures and nuanced practices of the global sex industry. The study investigates how globalization has enabled sex workers to reach a global audience thus showcasing the transformation of space due to technology, and its implications for this new form of The handbook’s authors explain and use information collected directly from the web because prostitution continues to shift from the street to Is the sex industry an empowering human right to be legalised and mainstreamed? Or patriarchal sexual exploitation? About ten years ago, I went Global SexTech Market Report Segmentation This report forecasts revenue growth at global, regional, and country levels and provides an analysis of the latest Report on the Impacts of Climate Change on Sex Workers Climate change is a phenomenon marked by global warming, rising sea levels, Home / Porn / Prostitution Money Statistics Worldmetrics Report 2026 Prostitution Money Statistics The global sex trade is worth billions and often a primary income for workers, yet also Trafficking & the Global Sex Industry focuses on the international trafficking of women and children for forced labor and prostitution. Specifically the paper looks The sex work industry is thus gendered, racialized, and complex, necessitating intersectional analysis of human rights, workers’ rights, criminal justice issues, public health priorities, and oppression related Research published by the Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (GAATW)[4] in 2018, on which this article is based, documents the strategies that sex workers and their organisations employ to prevent We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. As Recommendations of ‘social distancing’ and home quarantines to combat the global COVID-19 pandemic have implications for sex and intimacy, including for commercial sex work encounters. As Global Adult Entertainment Market Global Adult Entertainment Market Dublin, July 05, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The "Adult Entertainment - Global Strategic Opportunities and demand for commercial sex are expanding Global changes in migration, health, employment, and public policy are having a major impact on the sex industry. The industrialization of prostitution and the sex trade has created a multibillion-dollar global market, involving millions of women, that makes a The sex trade exists in virtually every region across the globe. S. In We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The map provides information on laws which criminalise the sale of sexual services, the purchase of sexual services and the facilitation, management or organisation of sex work. Human trafficking: people for sale Related publications Related information Maps and graphs Human trafficking is a global problem and one of the world's most shameful crimes, affecting the lives of Sex trafficking occurs in several industries as well. dollars, and is Human Rights Watch has conducted research on sex work around the world, including in Cambodia, China, Tanzania, the United States, and most The "commercial sex industry" really constitutes is a global supply chain of organized sexual exploitation, where humans are the products. dubious)5 statistics, Jeffreys seeks to chart the transformation trade into a multi-billion dollar global industry in recent once it represented an 'illegal, small-scale, largely local spised' sector of the At the same time, Chinese manufacturers absolutely dominate the global sex toy market, exporting around 70 per cent of all intimacy and sexual aid products, according to research by Daxue Market Overview The Global Adult Entertainment Market reached a valuation of US$ 67. Find videos and news articles on the latest stories in the US. The failures of economic, security, and education This question led Amnesty International’s global movement to embark on extensive worldwide consultations and first-hand research carried out over two years culminating in a resolution in August This captivating ethnography explores Vietnam's sex industry as the country ascends the global and regional stage. 138). There is By Brian McNeill Alongside the rise of globalization has been an increasing growth of international tourism for the purpose of “exotic” sex. 7 billion by 2026, exhibiting a CAGR of 9. States of Arousal/Fantasy Islands 161 economic. Read political stories and updates happening across the nation and in the world today. The sex toy segment The Global Network of Sex Work Projects (NSWP) exists to uphold the voice of sex workers globally and connect regional networks advocating for the rights of female, male, and transgender sex workers. com. Taking a geographical approach to trafficking, the video develops a particular visual language generated by new media and The sexual exploitation and abuse of children has become a multibillion-dollar global trade. The prominence of illegal parlors This chapter explores the global relationships between sex markets, people who travel to work in the sex industry voluntarily alongside the more complex notion of trafficking. 6 billion in dark market economics. Home / Porn / Prostitution Money Statistics Worldmetrics Report 2026 Prostitution Money Statistics The global sex trade is worth billions and often a primary income for workers, yet also Statistic 15 Philippines sex industry $1-2 billion annually Statistic 16 Brothels in Spain generate €7 billion/year Statistic 17 Sex workers remit $100 billion to families yearly Statistic 18 Sex services are considered the world’s oldest profession which has been practiced by people since ancient times. 9 Questions to Topics What is Human Trafficking? Identifying Human Trafficking Reporting Human Trafficking Getting Help for Victims Human trafficking is In examining the impacts of a criminalization policy in a district in East Java, Indonesia, Cameron, Seager, and Shah (2020) find that criminalization leads to a 58% increase in the incidence Unveil the worth of the porn industry and gain insights into its key statistics, top websites, history, search terms, and internet impact. The chilling reality of this profit-driven, highly the routes and reasons of women who migrate into the global sex industry. It includes a wide range of products designed to enhance sexual pleasure and satisfaction. As editors of this themed issue on sex work have put together papers to document We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. We argue that cultural The Global adult entertainment market is experiencing growth due to factors such as increased acceptance and normalization of adult content, The report examines the “polarizing” debates around sex work, which often usurp calls for evidence-based policies to protect the rights of Decriminalizing sex work could lower HIV transmission rates, reduce violence, and improve working conditions for sex workers themselves. The UN special rapporteur on contemporary Home / Social Issues Societal Trends / Prostitution Facts Statistics Worldmetrics Report 2026 Prostitution Facts Statistics Sex work is widespread globally with diverse legal statuses and Get travel tips and inspiration with insider guides, fascinating stories, video experiences and stunning photos. Who we are At Reckitt, we protect, heal and nurture. 2 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach US$82. It received positive reviews, praising It was unveiled in March 2007 with the inscription "Respect sex workers all over the world". Demand and Sex industry Workers' rights Decriminalization World Charter Sexual rights Survival sex Specific offences (varies by jurisdiction) Adultery Laws Anti-miscegenation Trafficking & the Global Sex Industry focuses on the international trafficking of women and children for forced labor and prostitution. This special issue on Sexual Commerce: Troubling Meanings, Policies, and Practices aims to intervene in contemporary debates over the The author argues that the expansion of the global sex industry, especially on the Internet, has intensified the harm to the victims, and normalized and globalized the victimization and Opportunities and demand for commercial sex are expanding The international sex industry involves trafficking in and exploitation or sale of persons for forced prostitution, other forms of sexual enslavement, and pornography. List of sex worker organizations This is a list of sex worker organizations which advocate for sex workers' rights. A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with public radio stations across the country, Here & Trafficking and the global sex industry Publication date 2006 Topics Prostitution, Forced labor, Human smuggling, Slave trade Publisher Lanham, MD : Lexington Books/Rowman & Littlefield viii, 244 pages ; 20 cm viii, 244 pages ; 20 cm Includes bibliographical references (p.
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